One-dimensional diffusion processes in half-bounded domains with reflection and a possible jump-like exit from a moving boundary
Bohdan Kopytko
,Roman Shevchuk
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics |
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ONE-DIMENSIONAL DIFFUSION PROCESSES IN HALF-BOUNDED DOMAINS WITH REFLECTION AND A POSSIBLE JUMP-LIKE EXIT FROM A MOVING BOUNDARY
Bohdan Kopytko 1, Roman Shevchuk 2
1 Institute
of Mathematics, Czestochowa University of Technology
Częstochowa, Poland
2 Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University
Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
bohdan.kopytko@im.pcz.pl, r.v.shevchuk@gmail.com
Received: 01 August
2016; accepted: 31 August 2016
Abstract. By the method of the classical potential theory, we construct the two-parameter Feller semigroup of operators associated with such a diffusion phenomenon on a half-line with a moving boundary where either a reflection or jump phenomenon occurs at a boundary point.
Keywords: diffusion process, parabolic potential, Feller-Wentzell boundary condition
1. Introduction
In the theory of stochastic processes while studying the diffusion processes in bounded and half-bounded domains, it occurs the situation in which the continuation of motion of a diffusion particle after it reaches the boundary of the domain is performed by jumps. The question on construction of semigroups of operators associated with the diffusion process with the property of a jump-like exit from the boundary of the domain leads to the statement of a boundary-value problem for a linear parabolic equation of the second order with a nonlocal boundary condition. Since the general form of boundary conditions for a one-dimensional (with respect to spatial variable) time-homogeneous diffusion process was established in the works of W. Feller [1] and A.D. Wentzell [2], these conditions were called Feller- -Wentzell boundary conditions.
In the present paper we consider the one-dimensional parabolic boundary-value problem of Wentzell (with the combination of the derivative with respect to spatial variable and the nonlocal term) for the case of an inhomogeneous diffusion process in domain provided the lateral boundary satisfies the Hölder condition with respect to the time variable with exponent > . This problem is stated in Section 2 and is solved there by the method of ordinary parabolic potentials. Using its solution in Section 3, we construct the two-parameter semigroup of operators ( fixed), associated with an inhomogeneous Feller process on the closure of which coincides in with the diffusion process given there and its behaviour at point is determined by the Feller-Wentzell boundary condition.
Note that similar problems were considered earlier in [3, 4] for the case of bounded and half-bounded domains with fixed boundary points. We also mention works [5-7] where the related problems were studied by the methods of stochastic analysis.
2. Parabolic boundary-value problem of Wentzell
Consider on plane the set
denoting by the closure of . Let in the parabolic equation
(1) |
is given. We shall seek a solution of equation (1) satisfying the “initial” condition
(2) |
and the Feller-Wentzell boundary condition of the form
(3) |
().
The main problem is to find the function which belongs to and which satisfies the equation (1) in , the “initial” condition (2) and the boundary condition (3).
In the present paper, the following conditions are supposed to be satisfied:
1. The coefficients and are bounded on , besides, there exist positive constants and such that for all .
2. For all the next inequalities hold:
where and are positive constants, .
3. The curve is Hölder continuous with exponent on .
4. , where denotes the Banach space of bounded continuous functions on with norm .
5. The function is positive and continuous on .
6. is the nonnegative measure on such that for any
, ,
where and these integrals are continuous on as functions of
Denote by the fundamental solution of equation (1) ( ). Its existence is assured by 1), 2) (see [5, Ch. II, §2], [8, Ch. IV, §11]). Recall that function is nonnegative, jointly continuous, continuously differentiable with respect to twice continuously differentiable with respect to and satisfies the inequality
(4) |
for all , where and are the nonnegative integers such that ; is the partial derivative with respect to of order , is the partial derivative with respect to of order ; symbols and denotes (here and in what follows) any one of various different positive constants.
Recall also that
(5) |
where
and the function satisfies inequality
(6) |
where , , is the constant in 2.
Having the fundamental solution we now define the parabolic potentials that will be used to solve the problem (1)-(3), namely the Poisson potential
where is the function in (2), and the simple-layer potential
with density which is continuous in and satisfies the inequality
for any . The last inequality ensures the validity of the formula on the jump for potential (see [9, Ch. V, §§2-4])
(7) |
where
Furthermore, from condition 3 and estimate (6) it follows that
(8) |
We find the solution of problem (1)-(3) of the form
(9) |
with the unknown function to be determined.
If we substitute the expression (9) for into (3), we obtain, upon using the relation (7), the following Volterra integral equation of the second kind
(10) |
where
In order to solve this integral equation, we have to study the behavior of function and kernel . We begin with estimate for . Write in the form
For function we have
(11) |
To estimate , apply the Lagrange formula to the integrand in its expression. We have
,
where is some real number from interval . Hence
(12) |
The same estimate is also valid for . Indeed, using the triangle inequality, we obtain
(13) |
Combining (11), (12) and (13), we conclude that
(14) |
where is some positive constant depending on .
Now consider kernel . Write it as follows
The first term in square brackets in the above expression is already estimated by (8). The absolute values of the second and fourth terms are bounded, respectively, by
and
which becomes clear, respectively, after using the inequality (4) with and after applying the Lagrange formula to difference and using the inequality (6) with , successively.
It remains to estimate the third term in the expression for which we denote by . Write it in the form
Taking the derivative and then using the equality , we get
From condition 3 it follows that
Consider . Since
we have
Thus kernel in (9) has strong singularity which is caused by . Therefore we do not know yet whether a solution of (10) exists. We shall see presently that it is nevertheless possible to obtain the solution of (10) by an ordinary method of successive approximations, i.e.,
(15) |
where
Let us prove that the integrals on the right side of expression for exist and the series (15) is convergent in . To do this, we first break the expression for into two terms satisfying the estimate (8) with some positive constant and having strong singularity, i.e.,
(16) |
Next, consider and represent it as follows
where
In view of estimate (8) (with constant ) for and inequality (14), we immediately deduce that
(17) |
To estimate , write
where and are constants in 1.
Denote by the inner integral in the last relation. Write it in the form
Changing the variable of integration into , we obtain
(18) |
In view of (18), we get
(19) |
where
. |
Combining (17) and (19), we conclude that
Choose so small that and denote
Proceeding by induction, we derive the following estimates for terms of series (15)
(20) |
where
Hence, for , we have
This implies that series (15) is absolutely convergent in and therefore the function exists and satisfies the inequality
(21) |
We have thus constructed a solution of the boundary-value problem (1)-(3) of the form (9). From relations (4)-(6) and (21) it follows that
and
(22) |
The proof of uniqueness of solution of (1)-(3) is based on the maximum principle for parabolic equations and is a repetition of the proof of the analogous assertion in [3] with obvious changes.
We have proved the following theorem:
Theorem 1. Let the conditions 1-6 hold. Then the problem (1)-(3) has a unique solution in . Furthermore, this solution has the form (9) and satisfies the estimate (22).
3. Construction of the Feller semigroup
Consider the following problem: construct the two-parameter semigroup of operators which describes the inhomogeneous Feller process on connected with (1)-(3). Such a Feller process coincides in with the diffusion process given by (1), (2) (with drift and diffusion coefficient ) and its behavior at boundary point is determined by the Feller-Wentzell boundary condition (3). Note that the two terms of boundary condition (3)
and
are supposed to correspond to the reflection phenomenon and the jump phenomenon on the boundary
We introduce the two-parameter family of linear operators acting on the space by the rule
(23) |
where is the solution of problem (1)-(3) defined by formulas (9), (15).
Let us show that the family of operators is the desired semigroup. To do this, we first note that the operators have the following property: if the se- quence is such that for all and then for all The proof of this property is based on well-known assertions of calculus on the passage of the limit under the summation and integral signs (here this concerns series (15) and integrals on the right side of the expression (9)). This property allows us to prove the next properties of the operator family , without loss of generality, under the assumption that the function has a compact support.
The next lemma asserts that the operators are positivity preserving:
Lemma 1. If and for all , then for all
Proof. Let be any nonnegative function in having compact support. Denote by the minimum of in and assume that . From the minimum principle it follows that there exists such that . But then the inequalities
and
hold. Furthermore, Theorem 14 in [9, p. 69] assures us that
Next, since it becomes clear that the fulfillment of condition (3) is impossible. The contradiction we arrived at indicates that This completes the proof of the lemma.
Another important property of operators is that they are contractive, i.e.,
This property follows from Lemma 1 together with the fact that if 1 then for all .
Finally, we show that operator family has the semigroup property
This property is a consequence of the assertion of uniqueness of the solution of the problem (1)-(3). Indeed, to find when , we can solve the problem (1)-(3) first in the time interval with the “initial” function , and then in the time interval with the “initial” function . In other words, or
The above properties of operators imply the following assertion (see [10, Ch. II], §1):
Theorem 2. Let the conditions of Theorem 1 hold. Then the two parameter semigroup of operators defined by (23) describes the inhomoge- neous Feller process on which coincides in with the diffusion process given by (1), (2) and its behavior at point is determined by the Feller-Wentzell boundary condition (3).
References
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