A second example of non-Keller mapping
Sylwia Lara-Dziembek
,Grzegorz Biernat
,Edyta Pawlak
,Magdalena Woźniakowska
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics |
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A SECOND EXAMPLE OF NON-KELLER MAPPING
Sylwia Lara-Dziembek 1, Grzegorz Biernat 1, Edyta Pawlak 1 Magdalena Woźniakowska 2
1
Institute of Mathematics, Czestochowa University of Technology
Częstochowa, Poland
2 Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Lodz
Łódź, Poland
sylwia.lara@im.pcz.pl, grzegorz.biernat@im.pcz.pl, edyta.pawlak@im.pcz.pl
magdalena_wozniakowska@wp.pl
Abstract. In the article the next nontrivial example of non-Keller mapping having two zeros at infinity is analyzed. The rare mapping of two complex variables having two zeros at infinity is considered. In the article it has been proved that if the Jacobian of the considered mapping is constant, then it is zero.
Keywords: Jacobian, zeros at infinity, rare mappings, Keller mapping
1. Introduction
In this article we analyze the rare
polynomial mappings of two complex
variables. We consider the mappings having two zeros at infinity [1-3]. It has
been shown that if the Jacobian of such mappings is constant, it must be zero.
The work is related to the Keller mapping [4-6] (the Keller mapping is a
polynomial
mapping with the condition
). In the presented
paper, the non-Keller mappings are those for which the Jacobian, if it is
constant,
is zero.
2. The rare mappings
Let are
the complex polynomials of degrees
, consequently,
and having two zeros at infinity. Assume
![]() | (1) |
and
![]() | (2) |
where and
are the forms of the indicated
degrees. These
mappings are called rare. Suppose
![]() | (3) |
Let’s prove that .
3. Basic lemma
Let us provide the following property [7]:
Property. If , then
.
Lemma. With the given assumptions we
have .
Proof.
Let
![]() | (4) |
![]() | (5) |
Since the Jacobian is constant, we have consecutively
![]() | (6) |
so
![]() | (7) |
and next
![]() | (8) |
so
![]() | (9) |
and
![]() | (10) |
then
![]() | (11) |
etc.
In the 2k-step we have
![]() | (12) |
so
![]() | (13) |
In the next step we obtain
![]() | (14) |
where
![]() | (15) |
and taking into account the formula (14), we have
![]() | (16) |
so
![]() | (17) |
Thus divides
(see Property), therefore
![]() ![]() | (18) |
and
![]() | (19) |
In 2k + 2-step we get
![]() | (20) |
Returning to the formulas (18) and (9), we have
![]() | (21) |
hence
![]() | (22) |
and so
![]() | (23) |
where
![]() | (24) |
Therefore ,
thus
![]() ![]() |
and |
![]() ![]() | (26) |
In the next step we obtain
![]() | (27) |
where
![]() | (28) |
Back to formula (27) we get
![]() | (29) |
Therefore
![]() | (30) |
and recalling formula (11) we receive
![]() | (31) |
In the following steps to reduce the power of variables (one
with every step).
The odd steps
are an even power,
and even steps are the odd power of the monomial . In the step (3k + 2), the largest power
appears,
namely
. Then,
and this means that
. Hence
(equation (26)),
so
. Which completes the proof of the
lemma.
4. Conclusion
In the
considered example, the form was essential. If
we considered
the case
![]() | (32) |
and
![]() | (33) |
where 2k – 2 appears,
then difficult and more
interesting considerations show
that the above case depends on the form . In this paper,
the presented case
of rare mapping is therefore a “frontier”
case, which is rare and non-Keller
mapping having two zeros at infinity. Some remarks on the general case
![]() | (34) |
and
![]() | (35) |
will be presented in the later articles.
References
[1] Griffiths P., Harris J., Principles of Algebraic Geometry, New York 1978.
[2] Mumford D., Algebraic Geometry I: Complex Projective Varieties, Springer-Verlag, New York 1975.
[3] Shafarevich I.R., Basic Algebraic Geometry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York 1974.
[4] Wright D., On the Jacobian conjecture, Illinois J. Math. 1981, 25, 3, 423-440.
[5] Van den Essen A., Polynomial Automorphisms and the Jacobian Conjecture, Progress in Mathematics 190, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 2000.
[6] Bass H., Connell E.H., Wright D., The Jacobian conjecture: reduction of degree and formal expansion of the inverse, American Mathematical Society. Bulletin, New Series 1982, 7(2), 287-330.
[7] Pawlak E., Lara-Dziembek S., Biernat G., Woźniakowska M., An example of non-Keller mapping, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics 2016, 15(1), 115-121.